Elon Musk's Starlink Project :
Elon Musk's company Tesla is known to everyone. But did you know about Elon Musk's Starlink Project? Starlink is a satellite network, developed by SpaceX. It was announced in 2015, and in the project, more than 1,000 satellites have been sent to Earth's orbit. The purpose of these satellites is to beam the internet and to provide internet to those people on the Earth who don't have an access to it. It means that if you live in a remote place. With neither broadband internet nor 4G connectivity, even there you can use Starlink's satellite internet services. Presently it's available in more than 25 countries and has more than 2.5 lakh customers. In the future, SpaceX Expects to deploy 42,000 satellites to Earth's orbit so that its reach can be extended. It's very useful in emergencies such as in the Ukraine war. Recently the media reported that the Ukrainian Army is successfully using Starlink's internet for drone attacks on Russian tanks and positions. Found the video informative?
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Starlink :
Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by SpaceX, providing satellite internet access coverage to 40 countries. It also aims for global mobile phone service after 2023. SpaceX started launching Starlink satellites in 2019. As of September 2022, Starlink consists of over 3,000 mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), which communicate with designated ground transceivers. Starlink provides internet access to over 500,000 subscribers as of June 2022.
The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington house the Starlink research, development, manufacturing, and orbit control teams. In February 2017, documents Indicated that SpaceX expects more than $30 billion in revenue by 2025 from its satellite constellation, while revenues from its launch business were expected to reach $5 billion in the same year.
On 15 October 2019, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
submitted filings to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
on SpaceX's behalf to arrange a spectrum for 30,000 additional Starlink
satellites to supplement the 12,000 Starlink satellites already approved by the
FCC.
Astronomers have raised concerns about the
constellations' effect on ground-based astronomy and how the satellites will
add to an already congested orbital environment. SpaceX has attempted to
mitigate astronomy concerns by implementing several upgrades to Starlink
satellites to reduce their brightness during operation. The
satellites are equipped with krypton-fueled Hall thrusters, allowing them to De-orbit at the end of their life.
Additionally, the satellites are designed to autonomously avoid collisions
based on uplinked tracking data.
History :
Background:
In June 2004, the newly formed company SpaceX acquired a
stake in Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) as part of a “shared strategic vision”.
SSTL was at that time working to extend the Internet into space.[18] However,
SpaceX's stake was eventually sold back to EADS Astrium in 2008 after the
company became more focused on navigation and Earth observation.
In early 2014, Elon Musk and Greg Wyler were reportedly
working together planning a constellation of around 700 satellites called
WorldVu, which would be over 10 times the size of the then largest Iridium
satellite constellation. However, these discussions broke down by June 2014,
and SpaceX instead filed an ITU application via the Norway telecom regulator
under the name STEAM. SpaceX confirmed the connection in the 2016 application
to license Starlink with the FCC.[22] SpaceX trademarked the name Starlink for
their satellite broadband network; the name was inspired by the book The Fault
in Our Stars.
Development Phase (2015–2020)
The SpaceX satellite development facility, Redmond,
Washington, was in use from 2015 to mid-2018.
Starlink was publicly announced in January 2015 with the opening of the SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, WA. During the opening, Elon Musk stated there is still significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities and that Starlink would target bandwidth to carry up to 50% of all backhaul communications traffic, and up to 10% of local Internet traffic, in high-density cities.
Starting with 60 engineers, the company operated in 2,800 m2 (30,000 sq ft) of leased space, and by January 2017 had taken on a 2,800 m2 (30,000 sq ft) second facility, both in Redmond. In August 2018, SpaceX consolidated all its Seattle-area operations with a move to a larger three-building facility at Redmond Ridge Corporate Center to support satellite manufacturing in addition to R&D. In July 2016, SpaceX acquired an additional 740 m2 (8,000 sq ft) creative space in Irvine, California (Orange County). The Irvine office would include signal processing, RFIC, and ASIC development for the satellite program.
By October 2016, the satellite division was focusing on a significant business challenge of achieving a sufficiently low-cost design for the user equipment. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said then that the project remained in the "design phase as the company seeks to tackle issues related to user-terminal cost".
In November 2016, SpaceX filed an application with the FCC for a "non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite system in the Fixed-Satellite Service using the Ku- and Ka- frequency bands". In March 2017, SpaceX filed plans with the FCC to field a second orbital shell of more than 7,500 "V-band satellites in non-geosynchronous orbits to provide communications services" in an electromagnetic spectrum that has not previously been heavily employed for commercial communications services. Called the "Very-Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) constellation", it would comprise 7,518 satellites and would orbit at just 340 km (210 mi) altitude, while the smaller, originally planned group of 4,425 satellites would operate in the Ka- and Ku-bands and orbit at 1,200 km (750 mi) altitude.
In September 2017, as the FCC ruled that half of the constellations be in orbit within six years to comply with licensing terms, while the full system should be in orbit within nine years from the date of the license.
SpaceX filed documents in late 2017 with the FCC to clarify their space debris mitigation plan, under which the company was to:
"...implement an operations plan for the orderly de-orbit of satellites nearing the end of their useful lives (roughly five to seven years) at a rate far faster than is required under international standards. [Satellites] will de-orbit by propulsively moving to a disposal orbit from which they will re-enter the Earth's atmosphere within approximately one year after completion of their mission."
Falcon 9 lifts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
(CCAFS), Florida, delivering 60 Starlink satellites to orbit on 11 November
2019.
In March 2018, the FCC granted SpaceX approval for the initial 4,425 satellites, with some conditions. SpaceX would need to obtain separate approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The FCC supported a NASA request to ask SpaceX to achieve an even higher level of de-orbiting reliability than the standard that NASA had previously used for itself: reliably de-orbiting 90% of the satellites after their missions are complete.
In May 2018, SpaceX expected the total cost of development and buildout of the constellation to approach $10 billion. In mid-2018, SpaceX reorganized the satellite development division in Redmond and terminated several members of senior management.
In November 2018, SpaceX received U.S. regulatory approval
to deploy 7,518 broadband satellites, in addition to the 4,425 approved
earlier. SpaceX also made new regulatory filings with the U.S. FCC to request
the ability to alter its previously granted license to operate
approximately 1,600 of the stopband satellites approved for operation at 1,150
km (710 mi) in a "new lower shell of the constellation" at only 550
km (340 mi) orbital altitude. These satellites would effectively operate in a
third orbital shell, a 550 km (340 mi) orbit, while the higher and lower orbits
at approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) and approximately 340 km (210 mi) would be
used only later, once a considerably larger deployment of satellites becomes
possible in the later years of the deployment process. The FCC approved the
request in April 2019, approving to place nearly 12,000 satellitapprovingl
shells: initially approximately 1,600 in a 550 km (340 mi) – altitude shell,
and subsequently placing approximately 2,800 Ku- and Ka-band spectrum
satellites at 1,150 km (710 mi) and approximately 7,500 V-band satellites at
340 km (210 mi). In total, nearly 12,000 satellites were planned to be
deployed, with (as of 2019) a possible later extension to 42,000.
In June 2019, SpaceX applied to the FCC for a license to test up to 270 ground terminals – 70 nationwide across the United States and 200 in Washington state at SpaceX employee homes – and aircraft-borne antenna operation from four distributed United States airfields; as well as five ground-to-ground test locations.
By late 2019, SpaceX was transitioning its satellite
efforts from research and divestment to manufacturing, with the planned first
launch of a large group of satellites to orbit, and the clear need to achieve
an average launch rate of "44 high-performance, low-cost spacecraft built
and launched every month for the next 60 months" to get the 2,200
satellites launched to support their FCC spectrum allocation license assignment.
SpaceX said they will meet the deadline of having half the constellation
"in orbit within six years of authorization... and the full system in nine
years".
In October 2019, Elon Musk publicly tested the Starlink
network by using an Internet connection routed through the network to post the
first tweet to the social media site Twitter.
In November 2020, Starlink beta internet service was opened
Starlink’sublic. Starlink beta testers reported speeds over 150 megabits per
second, above the range, announced for the public beta test. Commercial Service
(2021- ) Starlink user terminal with the dish, as shipped in early 2021, the Starlink
antenna dish, assembled, 2021 Starlink Router.
In February 2021, SpaceX opened up pre-orders to the public.
SpaceX completed raising an additional
$3.5 billion in equity financing over the previous six months, to support the
capital-intensive phase of the operational fielding of Starlink, plus the
development of the Starship launch system. In April 2021, SpaceX clarified that
they have already tested two generations of Starlink technology, with the
second one having been less expensive than the first. The third generation,
with laser inter-satellite links, is expected to begin launching "in the
next few months [and will be] much less expensive than earlier versions".
As of September 2022, SpaceX has over 2,300 functioning Starlink
satellites in orbit. and over 500,000 active subscribers. They continue to
launch up to 53 more satellites per Falcon 9 flight.
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